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It drains away excess tissue fluid and the metabolites and in this way tries to maintain the volume and composition of tissue fluid constant. The lymphocytes and monocytes of lymph act as defensive cells of the body. The lymphatics also remove bacteria from tissues. Rate of flow of lymph along the human thoracic duct is from 1. In dogs it is much higher.
Lymphatogogue is the substance that increases the rate of lymph flow. Since lymph is formed from tissue fluid, anything that increases the amount of tissue fluid will increase the rate of lymph formation. Lymph formation depends upon physical factors. There is no vital secretory process involved in it.
If the capillary pressure is raised, the rate of lymph formation increases. This is seen in venous obstruction. Under any condition, where the permeability of the capillary wall is increased, more tissue fluid will be formed and consequently more lymph. It acts probably by damaging the capillary endothelium. Anoxia, anaemia, stasis of blood due to vascular congestion, produces such results.
Anything that reduces the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood will increase the formation of tissue fluid and lymph. Normal or hypotonic saline, when given intravenously, will dilute the plasma colloids and reduce the osmotic pressure.
Moreover, blood pressure will be raised. Both these factors will favour formation of tissue fluid and lymph. Hypertonic solutions will exert the same effect in a better way.
Hypertonic solutions, introduced in the blood, will draw in more fluid from the tissue spaces at first and will increase the blood volume further. Blood pressure will be raised to a great extent, and plasma colloids will be further diluted. In this way hypertonic solutions will increase the formation of lymph much more than the normal or hypotonic solutions.
In the frogs circulation is maintained by rhythmically contracting lymph hearts. But in higher animal no such pump exists and the flow is maintained by a number of physical factors only. In the tissues, the pressure of lymph 8 to 10 mm of Hg is higher than that in the thoracic duct 0 to 4 mm Hg. Muscular skeletal contraction, active or passive, compresses the lymphatic vessels and carries the lymph onwards because the valves within lymphatics prevent backflow.
Contraction of the villi helps to pump the chyle from the central lacteals into the basal lymphatics. This lymph is carried up to the cisterna chyli by the help of the intestinal movements. During inspiration, due to the descent of the diaphragm intrathoracic pressure falls, which thereby sucks in lymph into the thorax?
Moreover, intra-abdominal pressure rises. Top Menu BiologyDiscussion. This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes.
Answer Now and help others. Answer Now. Thus, important functions of the lymphatic system are to remove damaged cells from the body and to provide protection against the spread of infection and cancer. Some lymph nodes are clustered under the skin, particularly in the neck, armpits, and groin.
Other lymph nodes are deep within the body, for example inside the abdomen. The lymphatic vessels drain into collecting ducts, which empty their contents into the two subclavian veins, located under the collarbones.
These veins join to form the superior vena cava, the large vein that drains blood from the upper body into the heart. Blockage obstruction : Obstruction in the lymphatic system leads to an accumulation of fluid lymphedema Lymphedema Lymphedema is the accumulation of lymph in tissues, resulting in swelling.
When lymphatic vessels are injured or obstructed, lymph fluid cannot drain and accumulates in tissues, causing swelling Obstruction may result from scar tissue that develops when the lymph vessels or nodes are damaged or removed during surgery, by radiation therapy, by injury, or in tropical countries, by infection with a threadworm filariasis Lymphatic Filariasis Lymphatic filariasis is infection of the lymphatic system caused by one of three species of roundworms. People have a fever, swollen lymph nodes, pain in the limbs and groin, and, if the infection Infection: Infection may cause swollen lymph nodes Swollen Lymph Nodes Lymph nodes are tiny, bean-shaped organs that filter lymph fluid.
They are located throughout the body, but particular collections are found just under the skin in the neck, under the arms, Sometimes the lymph nodes themselves may become infected lymphadenitis Lymphadenitis Lymphadenitis is infection of one or more lymph nodes, which usually become swollen and tender.
See also Overview of Bacterial Skin Infections. Lymph is a fluid that oozes out of the body's Cancer: White blood cell cancers such as lymphoma Overview of Lymphoma Lymphomas are cancers of lymphocytes, which reside in the lymphatic system and in blood-forming organs. Lymphomas are cancers of a specific type of white blood cells known as lymphocytes.
Cancers in lymph nodes can interfere with the flow of lymphatic fluid through the node. Cancers in other areas can block lymphatic ducts.
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