Werner decided that this carbon material needed a new name and proposed the name "graphite" based on the Greek word "graphein" which means "to write". Black-core pencils currently contain and have always contained graphite, not lead. Carbon is the sixth element on the periodic table and is famous for forming the backbone of molecules found in fuels and in all living organisms. Aside from biological molecules, carbon can also be found in nature in pure mineral form.
Depending on the shapes in which the carbon atoms are bonded, pure carbon can take on many forms. In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded tetrahedrally to its four nearest carbon atoms. This tightly packed arrangement of carbon atoms makes diamond the hardest naturally occurring material on earth. In contrast, graphite contains a stack of carbon sheets.
Each carbon sheet is one atom thick and consists of a hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms bonded together. Each carbon atom in the sheet is bonded to the three nearest carbon atoms.
Our high-quality graphite pencils consist of a mixture of graphite and clay and are currently available in 16 degrees of hardness. The degree of graphite hardness is determined by the mix ratio of the graphite and clay, the greater the graphite the softer the lead and the more clay the harder the lead. With 16 degrees of hardness to choose from there is a graphite pencil for every type of artist.
An artist with a heavy hand might prefer softer leads to balance their pressure whereas an artist with a lighter drawing hand may prefer relatively hard lead qualities. The rougher the paper, the more lead particles are worn off. In general, rough or hard paper requires a harder quality of lead and smooth or soft paper a softer quality lead. The Faber-Castell hardness scale to which pencils are manufactured has remained unchanged since signifying levels of hardness through letters and numbers.
The degree of soft black, hard, hard black, and firm are then further classified by numbers, the higher the number the higher the intensity. Powdered Graphite is a hands-on drawing medium, applied to the paper with fingers or a rag.
It can be used in drawing for soft, loose mark making, or to prepare a toned drawing surface. Carbon pencils are made from lampblack derived from burning oil , delivering a smooth, dark black line.
Variations available include blends of carbon, charcoal, and graphite. The particle size varies depending on the source, soot providing a fine even particle, charcoal often being rather coarse. Carbon and Compressed Charcoal pencils can be useful for obtaining a true black which is not really possible with graphite.
Test for compatibility before applying to your drawing. Black conte pencils are made from a carbon and alumina chalk blend. These have a smoother, creamier consistency than pastel. Hard pastels are also available in a pencil format, and manufacturers are constantly experimenting with media. White pencils are either colored pencils or pastel pencils and are made of various combinations of pigment, chalk, clay, gum, and wax. Other media pencils are not always compatible with graphite, and should be tried on a test piece first.
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